Many worker bees give their lives to save a bee hive from an attack by bears or other animals. In such cases,?

None of the above is the correct answer. D. is not it either. Scientists often mistakenly believe that kin selection is why bees voluntarily give up reproduction, but there were detractors early who thought that it was parental manipulation that results in the sacrifices made by infertile insect workers. Suppose we look back to the early history of the evolution of eusociality. Suppose there were two queens. One of which carries gene(s) which causes her daughters to fight to their deaths to protect the hive and the other queen does not. It is not difficult to see that the queen with the altruistic daughters is more likely to survive an outside attack and live to reproduce her gene(s), which codes for daughters that will fight to protect the hive. The other queen, whose daughters do not sacrifice themselves to protect the hive, will likely be destroyed and never had the chance to p her genes on to future generations. In both cases the degree of relatedness between the queen and her daughters is the same but the outcomes are quite different. Hence kin selection alone cannot explain why atruism evolved. Besides, the termites are eusocial and they are diploid, so a termite's daughter is not more cloesly related to her sister than to the queen. Degree of relatedness therefore fails to explain the evolution of eusociality in termite. However, parental manipulation can, because a queen that can manipulate her daughters to sacrifice themselves will be more fit than another queen that lacks such ability to manipulate.